Sustainability through Optimal Design of Buildings for Natural Ventilation using Updated Comfort and Occupancy Models

Figure (a)- The workflow of the research. Figure (b)- Wave Function Collapse (WFC) strategy: (1) Input example for training WFC model, indicating reference building configurations; (2) Output 40×40 solution from WFC solver containing multiple building layout candidates; (3) Tile grouping using graph analysis with red edges indicate building tile connections, blue edges indicate building core connections, and green outlines indicate valid layouts (containing at least one building core) for extraction; (4) Examples of isolated and extracted building layouts. Figure (c)- The Energy Use Intensity (EUI) obtained for all the simulated buildings, assuming: Phoenix, AZ location, multi-mode cooling strategy, a post-COVID occupancy presence model, and middle-income households. Figure (d)- A visual comparison of the hourly values of EUI and Percentage of Neutral Time (PNT) for the month of June in a simulation case for a sample layout, assuming a San Francisco location.